Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau Essay - 723 Words

A huge dimension of our wellness and culture as humans, our spirituality, is affected by nature. Nature, in its grandeur, has inspired theological thought in many people. A particular movement in history that exemplified this was Transcendentalism. Two particularly famous transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s renowned essay, â€Å"Nature† demonstrates the transcendentalists’ fascination with the natural world and their belief in its divinity. A fantastic quote from â€Å"Nature† is â€Å"Within these plantations of God, a decorum and sanctity reign, a perennial festival is dressed, and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years.† In this quote, Emerson refers to nature as â€Å"God’s plantation†, which clearly shows his belief, which is shared by many transcendentalists, that nature is holy and connected to God. Henry David Thoreau’s classic book Walden demonstrates similar ideas. Perhaps the most famous quote from the book is â€Å"I went to the woods to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.† (Thoreau 182) The idea that going to nature allows one to â€Å"live deliberately† and understand the â€Å"essential facts of life† in essence means that one can develop a true understanding of life through observation and life in nature. The transcendentalists’ beliefs were based in nature. Many others in theShow MoreRelatedRalph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau971 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were the giants during the 19th century American Transcendentalism movement. Their influential work brought upon shared beliefs on concerning spiritual perspectives, government interference, and the ideology of cultural values in American society. Na ture has a multitude of meaning if looked at it from all angles, but deeper within nature is the reflection of what you exert while in it. However they agree on the human condition, the two authors speak withRead MoreRalph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau1336 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two of the most influential writers of the Nineteenth Century. They influenced the American society and future writers to become an individual through their own writings. Transforming a movement known as Transcendentalism, both Emerson and Thoreau used this simple idea of nature, society and individualism to their advantage. Both used this simple idea to not only understand themselves, but also the world around them. Emerson and Thoreau held many ofRead MoreHenry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson1604 Words   |  7 Pagespar. 1) Henry David Thoreau reminds us about the importance of simplicity, authenticity, and downright disobedience. Born July 12 , 1817, just west of Boston in Concord, Massachusetts, his father operated a pencil factory and his mother rented rooms out to boarders. Thoreau graduated in 1837 from Harvard College, but did not take on assumed careers in law or medicine, he went on into education. After a failed attempt at teaching he befriended American philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson was aRead MoreHenry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson1992 Words   |  8 PagesHenry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, a group of transcendentalists who brought great ideals with them through the mid 1800’s. Their philosophy stated that people needed to stay true to themselves and their own ideas, not those of society. One essay where Thoreau thoroughly exemplifies this is in Civil Disobedience. Throughout this essay, Thoreau tries to show his point that even though the government consists of more people, it will not always be correct. This means that the majority doesRead MoreTranscendentalism : Henry D avid Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson847 Words   |  4 Pagespower or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two transcendentalists that have different views on freedom. Our project, representing freedom, shows a person how to live his or her life in a way of freedom shown by Emerson and Thoreau. Together, we did research on the transcendentalists: Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. We studied these men in the essays that we learned about during class. We found someRead MoreTranscendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau807 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous ambassadors, Ralph Waldo Emerson and apprentice Henry David Thoreau. These men believed nature is what forces us not to depend on other ideas but to develop our own. Born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803 as the fourth child in a family of eight, Ralph Waldo Emerson was brought up in an atmosphere where seven of his ancestors were ministers, and his father, William Emerson (who died when Emerson was eight), was minister of the First Church (Unitarian) of Boston. Emerson graduated in 1821Read MoreComparing Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau892 Words   |  4 Pagesand times in which they live. In the essay â€Å"Self Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and the book Walden by Henry David Thoreau, the authors speak out against conformity and materialism in society. Both were romanticism authors during the 1800s. They focused on simplicity and individuality. Both writings can advise teenagers today on the importance of non-conformity and the value of rejecting materialism. In â€Å"Self Reliance†, Emerson discusses being one’s own person and not allowing society to moldRead MoreTranscendentalism : Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau967 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two of the most inspiring and accomplished writers to ever walk upon this Earth. They dared to question how people lived and how people should live. They were light years ahead of their time with their transcendentalist ideas. Transcendentalism can be defined by this quote, â€Å"People... have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that transcends... what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel†(History). This is a perfect explanation forRead MoreAnalysis Of Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau1183 Words   |  5 Pagesby the means of the senses. As the two most prominent figures in the transcendentalist movement, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau whole-heartedly embrace the principles of n ature through different means and individually argue for the notion of individuality and self-expression in the writings of â€Å"solitude† (Thoreau) and â€Å"Nature† (Emerson). In the beginning of Chapter one of â€Å"Nature,† Emerson describes the notion of solitude as emerging oneself into nature and leaving behind all preoccupyingRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism730 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, America’s Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England. The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between one’s self and the world at large. First, the search

Analysis Of My Mother Pieced Quilts - 909 Words

In everyday life, culture defines the way we view our world. Culture is expressed through things like religion, art, family values, and even food. It can show the background of peoples. It can be greatly influenced by the places they live. Culture has a large effect on the way one views others and the world as shown in stories â€Å"My Mother Pieced Quilts† and â€Å"Everyday Use â€Å"My Mother Pieced Quilts† by Teresa Paloma Acosta is a poem about a girl that describes her mothers quilts past and seems to be showing that peoples cultural background have a mass effect on the way one views others and the world.The girl describes how the quilts â€Å"were just meant as covers in winters as weapons against pounding January winds† (lines 1-4).When she woke†¦show more content†¦Maggie â€Å"is homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe†(line 3-4).The mother then starts to go into a fantasy dream about â€Å"TV shows where the child who has made it is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly from backstage. (A pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other?) On TV mother and child embrace and smile into each others faces†(lines 3-7).Mom describes he rself as â€Å"large, big, boned woman with rough, man.working hands†(line 5).Finally, Dee rolls into the driveway with a dude. Dee, who is wearing â€Å"a dress down to the ground, in this hot weather a dress so loud it hurts my eyes† and the dude (an Arab guy whos name is Hakim-a-barber) greet the narrator and Maggie with fancy Arabic â€Å"Asalamalakim†(line 23) and African â€Å"Wa.su.zo.Tean.o!† (line 21) salutations. Dee announces that shes changed her name to â€Å"Wangero†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of My Mother Pieced Quilts821 Words   |  4 Pagesoldest daughter changes her name and doesnt appreciate her culture, Dee and Maggie both want the family quilt. Dee wants the quilt, but the mom doesnt want to give the quilt to her, she wants to give the quilt to Maggie. Maggie wants to hold on to her heritage and Dee doesnt understand her heritage, her mom knows that Dee wont hold on to the family heritage.In the poem â€Å"My Mother Pieced Q uilts† memories revolve around the poem.The poem is mainly about the mothers talent of weaving and how sheRead MoreMy Mother Pieced Quilts Analysis840 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica,† Bharati Mukherjee describes her differing views of living in America with her sister, despite both being raised in India. In the poem, â€Å"My Mother Pieced Quilts,† by Teresa Palomo Acosta, Teresa how this quilt that her mother made for her involves all these pieces of her past that are stitched together. In the short story, â€Å"Everyday Use,† a mother describes the effects of living in a low income community and a certain style of parenting that shaped the way her two daughters view their pastRead MoreClays Quilt1863 Words   |  8 PagesBrett Johnson Clay’s Quilt Chapter 23-25 Summary amp; Analysis Chapter 23: Summary: The start of chapter 23 began with Alma talking to her sister, Evangeline, about how Clay has been acting since he shot and murdered Denzel. Alma describes Clay’s personality being completely dull ever since the incident, â€Å"all he does is come straight home from work and sits down in that chair and stays there the rest of the evening.† p. 253. Evangeline tries convincing Alma to talk Clay into leaving the area

Fair Value Accounting and GFC Causes Scenario

Question: Discuss about the Fair Value Accounting and GFC Causes Scenario. Answer: Introduction FVA could be traced back in 1930s. Therefore, FVA had been in use for quite a long time before the great financial crisis. It was common for organization in valuing their assets. It was viewed as a means in measuring financial liabilities and assets. Basically, fair-value accounting is usually the price at which different assets are exchange in the current transaction between willing and knowledgeable parties (Pinnuck, 2012). Furthermore, it is viewed as practice of banking institutes appraising their assets assessments on consistent basis. FVA is also viewed as quantity which would be repaid in transferring liabilities to the new debtors. It is the price which would be received in selling its assets or repaid in transmitting obligations in a logical deal in amongst the market partakers at a specific time. Thus, FVA comprises of the hypothetical market price under the idealized situations (Pozen, 2009). This means that FVA is usually the market-based measures of the value. With these considerations, this paper aims to evaluate to what extent FVA contributed to the 2007/2008 financial crisis. This would provide support for my decision of being against the move to pure fair valuation. Overview of Global Crisis The latest global crisis has been a key concern all present society, from the press to the policy-makers, academics as well as regulators across the globe (Laux Leuz, 2010). Basically, the collapse of some of the prominent financial institutions like Lehman Brothers, Wachovia, Bear Stearns and others followed by almost paralysing of general financial industry with some adverse results to overall economy, making this disaster a sole topic in a sequence of the present financial crisis. Interestingly, the uniqueness of the global financial crisis has impelled some efforts in identifying the determinants and solutions (Landsman, 2007). It is said to have been contributed by the bursting of U.S housing bubbles, though such a complicated occurrence as change in financial accounting could definitely presents some multidimensional profile. To be more specific, micro and macro events such as easy availability of financial loans, complexity of financial instruments associated with the mortgag e activities, emergency of nations current account surpluses as well as flourishing house-buying activities could be cited to be the list of factors which could have resulted to emergency of the global financial crisis. As a result, aspects contributing to recent global financial crisis could be added extreme leverage as well as extreme risk-taking of the managers as a result of moral hazards (Laux Leuz, 2009). Apart from these aspects, another occurrence which is referred to as one of the significant determinant of the global financial crisis was an overview or outline of FVA. Implementation of FVA brought about some significant regulatory variations in the accounting history, changing the importance of fair value concept. FVA contribution to the Global Financial Crisis To my analysis, I am not in favour of pure fair valuation. This is basically due to the notion that the FVA comprised of using market prices of the banking institutes in financial reports afore their acquisition costs. Under FVA in case market prices are unavailable, owners of liability or assets has to provide best available projections of the current market prices, by placing judgement on assumptions and techniques to be utilized (Kothari Lester, 2012). Thus, FVA is said to represents administrations projections of current value of gross forthcoming cash inflows exemplified in the liability or asset, which is reduced in reflecting both managements projection of risk linked to cash flows and current interest rate. To start with FVA played a significant role in deepening the 2007/2008 global recession. This is based on the fact that FVA was viewed to have played a greater role in exacerbating its severity for the banks in U.S during the 2007/2008 financial crisis which rapidly changed to the great recession of 2007/2008 (Veron, 2008). In essence, the FVA is said to have attributed to the global crisis in 2007/2008 to a greater extent since it attributed to extreme leverage in the prosperous times and resulted in extreme intolerable in performing reliable market valuation (Khan, 2010). As a result valuation issue resulted in increased or upsurged depreciation; hence, posing greater problem in the financial market. This issue arose when market for the asset valued at fair value accounting became illiquid. Further, in the year 2008, additional guidance on the manner in which securities in distressed, disrupted or illiquid markets could be accounted for were issued by FASB while others failed to properly assess estimates used by the management in valuing liabilities and assets (Shaffer, 2010). In addition, use of fair value accounting brings about some artificial volatility in the monetary reports, and in the monetary markets. Such instability is mainly supposed to be the significance of implementation of the FVA, deprived of any sign of showing underlying fundamentals. Adoption of the FVA is also said to contribute to latest global recession since it the system is said that it does not correctly reflect the manner in which it manage their main operations, focused particularly on the long-run decision and are less concerned with the short-run variations. Andr, Cazavan-Jeny, Dick, Richard and Walton (2009) argued that fair value accounting played a greater role to the latest global reces sion in that it introduces some bias into the asset valuation against the long-run illiquid assets. Such bias arise due to some difficulties that might arise while establishing the market prices for the assets using private information, one of the well-established feature of the financial institutions operations, requiring particular expertise and information. In addition, fair value accounting is said to have accelerated the 2007/2008 global financial crisis since it permitted financial institutions to finance their operations in short-term utilizing assets as security, which were dignified at extraordinary market value whenever countrys frugality was thriving (Katz, 2008). As the global financial crisis set up a vicious cycle, financial institutions had to detect a decrease in worth of their financial assets, particularly associated with the sub-prime loans. As a result value of these affects was adjusted to a lower level (Badertscher, Burks and Easton, 2010). Those financial institutions whose adjustments were not necessarily justified by the economic essentials argued that the intention of the adjustment was mainly to keep instruments till they mature. Such decline resulted to a decrease in shareholders equity. As they tried to uphold or preserve solvency levels at a obligatory point, financial institutions were mainly confronted with a predicament; hence, were enforced to increase their wealth underneath the miserable appraisal situations, sell some assets or lessen their loaning causing adverse impacts on overall economy. Sales of these assets depressed the market value of these firms and got more contaminated because of FVA (Masoud Daas, 2014). Fair value accounting is also said to attribute to the global financial crisis in that it resulted in inconsistent application across different nations (Bignon, Biondi Ragot, 2009). This is on the basis that under fair value accounting, financial institutions could present specific quantity of the transaction assets underneath the US GAAP and in turn over double the quantity. This discrepancy did not just distresses dependability of the FVA, but it also affected efficiency of the Basel II regulations which in turn resulted to global financial crisis. Introduction of FVA increased banks leverage which in turn was dangerous whenever minimum capital needs acted as the amplifier as a result of the pro-cyclicality. In this case, through good times, the accounting returns, which are measured at the fair value could increase and in turn organizations could raise their leverage (Magnan, 2009). As a result, so long all organizations purchasing at same time and moving in similar direction, pr ice of assets were expected to increase even more. By trying to keep the assets on organizations statement of financial position at fair value, organizations are given a chance to utilize these assets as improved collateral and then increase leverage further (Barth Landsman, 2010). Further, during the good times financial institutions tried to acquire other financial institutions at a higher price and any difference in between price paid and book value were recorded as goodwill. As crisis spread, the goodwill was another deadly asset and was therefore to be acknowledged at a value near to zero as a result of FVA; hence, forcing organizations leverage ratio up (Glavan, 2010). Fair value accounting is also said to contribute to the recent global financial crisis since it resulted in the excessive write-down of the financial institutions assets and to overvaluation of the banks assets. Further, FVA contributed to the recent global financial crisis since it brought about price bubbles, making financial institutions or banks to respond to the variations in the manner in which they could not act and this resulted in voyage to the superiority; hence, disappointing the stock prices. It also had incremental power on the stock prices while conditioning opinions in interest and favour of sensitive liabilities and assets. FVA also worsened the global financial crisis by generating some sliding spiral trend and decreasing market prices considerably to a level below assets primary values (Badertscher, Burks and Easton, 2011). Furthermore, FVA is said to be the main cause of the unparalleled decrease in the asset values, an unparalleled increase in variability amongst different financial institutions as well as the worst crisis in U.S. In essence, fair value accounting is said to contribute greatly to the global recession as it attributed to extreme leverage in flourishing tim e and resulted in extreme write-downs in the busts (Magnan, 2009). This write-down depleted the financial institution money and could set-off the sliding spiral, as the financial institutions are enforced in selling at the fire-sale prices that resulted in contagion as the price from the asset-fire sales was relevant for the other financial institutions. Conclusion In conclusion, I am not in favour of a move to pure fair valuation since introduction of the FVA is cited to have a significant influence to the global financial crisis. For instance, the 2007/2008 was the first global crisis in which accounting system took the fair value technique at the global scale, heightening the interest in the financial market. The main concerns about this system are that it gives room for valuation of the illiquid financial instruments as well as induced artificial pro-cyclicality and volatility. Interestingly, I am not in favour of the move to pure fair valuation since fair value permits for specific assets to be prized at a quantity where they would be swapped in the open market. The issue with this was that whenever marketplace for the asset that an organization price at the fair value became illiquid. In essence, fair value accounting is said to contribute greatly to the global recession as it attributed to extreme leverage in flourishing time and resulte d in extreme write-downs in the arrests. Further, it can be concluded that FVA attributed to 2007/2008 global recession since it resulted in a lot of distress in securities, disrupted or illiquid markets could be accounted for were issued by FASB while others failed to properly assess estimates used by the management in valuing liabilities and assets. It also brings about some artificial volatility in the monetary reports, and in the monetary markets. Further, it is evident that contribute to latest global recession since it the system is said that it does not correctly reflect the manner in which it manage their main operations, focused particularly on the long-run decision and are less concerned with the short-run variations. It is also evident that fair value accounting had significant influence in the 2007/2008 global recession in that it introduced some bias into the asset valuation against the long-run illiquid assets. Such bias resulted in some difficulties that might arise while establishing the market prices for the assets using private information, one of the well-established feature of the financial institutions operations, requiring particular expertise and information. Further, it can be concluded that fair value accounting attributed to the global financial crisis since it resulted in inconsistent application across different nations. This discrepancy did not just distresses dependability of the FVA, but it also affected efficiency of the Basel II regulations which in turn resulted to global financial crisis. Therefore, on overall I am not in favour of the move to pure fair valuation since the FVA can be said to have attributed greatly to the 2007/2008 financial crisis; hence, there is need to review this accounting practice to curb such occurrence from occurring again. With these considerations, I am not in favour of the pure fair valuation since it is believed to attribute to the recent global recession. References Andr, P, Cazavan-Jeny, A, Dick, W, Richard, C, Walton, P 2009, Fair value accounting and the banking crisis in 2008: Shooting the messenger, Accounting in Europe, 6(1), 3-24. Badertscher, BA, Burks, JJ Easton, PD 2011, A convenient scapegoat: Fair value accounting by commercial banks during the financial crisis, The Accounting Review, 87(1), 59-90. Badertscher, BA, Burks, JJ, Easton, PD 2010, Fair Value Accounting, Other-Than-Temporary-Impairments, and the Financial Crisis, The Acccounting Review, 87(1), 59-90. Barth, ME, Landsman, WR 2010, How did financial reporting contribute to the financial crisis? European accounting review, 19(3), 399-423. Bignon, V, Biondi, Y, Ragot, X 2009, An economic analysis of fair value: Accounting as a vector of crisis. Glavan, S 2010, Fair value accounting in banks and the recent financial crisis, Estabilidad financiera, (19), 53-69. Katz, D 2008, Former FDIC chief: Fair value caused the crisis, CFO. com, 29. Khan, U 2010, Does fair value accounting contribute to systemic risk in the banking industry?. Kothari, SP Lester, R 2012, The role of accounting in the financial crisis: Lessons for the future, Accounting Horizons, 26(2), 335-351. Landsman, W. R. (2007). Is fair value accounting information relevant and reliable? Evidence from capital market research. Accounting and Business Research, 37(sup1), 19-30. Laux, C Leuz, C 2009, The crisis of fair-value accounting: Making sense of the recent debate, Accounting, organizations and society, 34(6), 826-834. Laux, C Leuz, C 2010, Did fair-value accounting contribute to the financial crisis?, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(1), 93-118. Magnan, ML 2009, Fair value accounting and the financial crisis: messenger or contributor?, Accounting Perspectives, 8(3), 189-213. Masoud, N, Daas, A 2014, Fair-Value Accountings Role in the Global Financial Crisis?: Lessons for the Future, International Journal of Marketing Studies, 6(5), 161. Pinnuck, M 2012, A review of the role of financial reporting in the global financial crisis, Australian accounting review, 22(1), 1-14. Pozen, RC 2009, Is It Fair to Blame Fair Value Accounting for the Financial Crisis?(Digest Summary), Harvard Business Review, 87(11), 85-92. Shaffer, S 2010, Fair value accounting: villain or innocent victim-exploring the links between fair value accounting, bank regulatory capital and the recent financial crisis. Veron, N 2008, Fair value accounting is the wrong scapegoat for this crisis, Accounting in Europe, 5(2), 63-69.

Conference Human Factors Computing Systems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Conference Human Factors Computing Systems? Answer: Introduction The report is prepared for the selection of the topic Designing accessible web systems for visually disabled users. There are different standards that should be applied in the development process for reducing the risk of legal obligations and increase the simplicity of the website for easier access. The disable personnel with visual impairment who are unable to read the text in the web content should be able to hear it using the screen reading application software. The options that can be implemented for handling the peoples with disability should be analyzed for designing the website for visually disabled users. The main target groups for the development of the website are the visually impaired and the website is required to cover a wide range of disorders of the personnels. There are different types of web application that can be used for the development of the website such as navigation tools, help components and mapping components that can be embedded with the GUI for the development of the web interface design of an organization. User interface structure and design The user interface should have different components that are applied for increasing the flexibility of the websites such as navigation tools, pop-up windows, web maps, zooming maps, base map selectors, etc (Taylor et al. 2015). Similar to the development of the graphical user interface the different map components can be selected such that it can be accessed and developed with the needs of the user using the website. Arrangement of the components It should be ensured that the components deployed for the development of the web interface should be easy to use and the design of the interface should be kept simple and consistent for increasing the usability of the website. A predictable layout should be used and the components should be selected carefully for application in the website and a specific functionality should be linked with it for the benefiting the targeted group of users using the website (OModhrain et al. 2015). The following guidelines should be used for the development of the graphical user interface: Checking the unnecessary elements and removal of the elements for keeping the web interface simple. Removal of the unnecessary control elements and controlling the elements for focusing on the group of users for reducing the complexity of the website Location the same type of control elements and grouping them according to their similarity for the management of the codes Implementation of a horizontal and flat organized structure of interface with no nested or dropdown element. Placing the critical element in the front page such it is visible to the users at a glance and no scrolling is required to access them (Waddington et al. 2015). Avoiding the overlap of the elements placed in the web interface for increasing the readability of the website. The navigation tools and the base maps selectors if deployed in the component of the map, the visually disables users may find difficulty to read the map and also it becomes difficult to use and recognize the control elements. For increasing the efficiency of the website the interaction tools should be placed outside the map such that they can be easily access by the visually impaired users. The following figure is used for the demonstration of the map components and the related components in the graphical user interface that should be optimized for supporting the visually impaired users using the website. Visual design of the Components The development of the visual design and the user interface makes it easy to use for perceiving and understanding the operation of the application used for the development of the user interface. For assisting the user, the interface and its components should be implemented according to the size and the colors should be selected appropriately for contrasting the background and the patterns (Williams and Hennig 2015). Symbols and images should also be applied for the development of the user interface and reduce the use of text for reducing the complexity of the website. Use of Language The information used of the development of the web interface should be accessible to all the users and it should be carefully chosen because the language acts as the intermediation for communicating with the users. The buttons used for designing the web interface should be properly labeled such that the user using the website should know the use of the button (Petrie, Savva and Power 2015). The terms used in the web interface should be familiar to the users and the language should be consistent and kept should such the user can read the text at a glance to understand the functionality of the website. Interaction modes Mostly all the interface of the websites are implemented as Graphical user interface and the user interacts with the system using the menu bars, buttons and icons. The interaction are handles using the keyboard, mouse and/or touchscreens. The graphical user interface relies on the visual sense of the users but it are not suitable for the heavily visually impaired or blind personnels (Gustafson 2015). The keyboard accessibility and other assistive technology can be applied as a solution of the severely visually impaired peoples. Keyboard accessibility For the improvement of the operation of the web maps for the visually disable users accessibility of the keyboard is an important factor. Many of the blind and the severely visually impaired users depends on the keyboard for the navigation of the application. It also helps the partially sighted users to easily access the contents of the websites (Schindler, de Vries and Zacharias 2015). The map navigation tool used for the development of the website should have the pre-defined discrete zoom features and some predefine keyboard shortcuts should be mapped that helps the user to reduce the use of mouse and increase the usability of the website. Assistive technology The assistive technology can be referred to as the system or object that is directed for the people having disability and help them to interact with the computing environment. There are different assistive technology that can be embedded with the website such as voice output, screen readers, magnification applications and braille displays (Sanchez-Gordon and Lujn-Mora 2016). For the analysis of the importance of the assistive technology a group of users must be involved for testing the website with the assistive technology. The screen magnification can be easily implemented in the website and existing tools of the operating system or the browser can also be used for the magnification of the web page. The implementation of the braille display, voice software and the screen readers requires specific application that should be installed by the users (Cyr 2014). The braille displays needs to be installed for supporting the alternatives and for the support of the options the alternative of the text should be available for the non-text elements used for the development of the websites. The website must be designed with short description such that it is easy for the users to understand the content when delivered to the users via the screen reader. MAP The map is an important tool that is applied for increasing the success of communication of the contents of the websites to the users. It helps in improved readability of the web content for the visually impaired and person affected by colour blindness. The shape, position, arrangement and patterns of the symbols should be implemented such that it can create a difference between the design components and should be easily distinguished for easy readability of the contents (Petrie, Savva and Power 2015). A feedback of the design should be taken from the users for changing the web interface design aligning the requirement of the users for increasing the usability and enhancing the readability of the contents of the web page. A similar design should be maintained throughout the web pages such that user does not feel they are redirected. The labelling of the features is necessary for the identification of the features and help the user to understand the content of the map (Waddington et a l. 2015). The map should be developed in such a manner that it should be used for communicating the contents with the users using the web interface. The ability of the user to map the interface according to the needs helps in increasing the satisfaction level reducing the errors in the design. Recommendations The following recommendations are provided for designing the web interface for the visually disabled users: Points Use of simple glyphs and symbols The use of icons should be increase and it should be well known to the users. Bright and vibrant colours should be used for designing the web interface and the colour contrast should be optimized between the surroundings and the symbols. The different features should have different colours and different icons. The size of the glyphs and the symbols should be adequate such that it can be viewed in all conditions for the intended group of users using the web interface. Lines The lines use for the development of the interface should not be thin and an appropriate thickness should be maintained according to the colour used in the web interface design Bright colours should be used and an optimized colour contrast should be maintained between the elements used for the development of the interface The lines should have different colours for representing different functionality and separating the sections from each other Different patterns of the lines can be applied for the representation of the different types lines used for the representation of the different functionality Areas The outlines of the website interface should be kept dark such that the inter contents are clearly visible The colour design should be appropriate and the colour contrast should be optimized according to WCAG 2.0. For distinguishing the different areas in the webpage different combinations of patterns and colours should be applied. Text The colour contrast between the text and the background should be considered for designing the user interface design. For example black letter and white background should be an ideal example for designing the website interface. Use of san serif fonts as the typeface for the well establishment and simple text Avoiding the use of underline and italics of the text Capitalizing the first character of the text Using large font size and maintaining the font size throughout the webpages Using left aligned for the text The features in the webpages should not overlap with each other There are different other methods that can be applied for meeting the needs of the visually impaired and the colour blind users such as providing a set of baselines from which the user can choose the best map suited for them. The website interface should allow the user to switch between the normal version and the black and white version for using the visually impaired friendly designs. The website can be made more flexible by allowing the users to customize the webpage such as adjusting the contrast ratio, size of the symbols, increasing or decreasing the width of the lines and controlling the brightness. Additional Considerations for increasing the accessibility The accessibility of the web page depends on the removal of the barriers that can cause a problem for the people with disability during accessing the informations. The accessibility is not enough for the success of the web design and there are different factors such as usability, compatibility and the utility also acts as a factor that should be considered for the development of the web interface. The usability and the accessibility are closely related to each other and each operates at different angles because the accessibility of the website depends on the extent to which the website is usable and the range of activities provided to them (Taylor et al. 2015). The usability is dependent on the extent on which the targeted users can achieve the specified goals and objectives for efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction of the web content. The utility and compatibility is also interdependent because the web applications and the websites must be accessible to all levels of users and the access of the relevant devices should also be provided to the users (Hennig, Zobl and Wasserburger 2017). Thus the targeted group of users should have the functionality that can be used for utilizing the assistive technology. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that a good design is the main constraint for the success of the web page and the web designer should look into the visual characteristics for the development of the interface of a web page. The different factors related with the human computer interaction and the usability of the interface are analyzed for the development of the report. The website design should be evaluated according to the requirement of the users and the disability of the users such as auditory disability, visual disability and mobility disability should be understood for the development of the website. The people affected with the disability should be included in the development process for reducing the errors in the final website and increase the accessibility of the website. The standards should be maintained for the development of the web interface and it should comply with the laws such that legal discrimination should be avoided. References Cyr, D., 2014. Return visits: a review of how Web site design can engender visitor loyalty.Journal of Information Technology,29(1), pp.1-26. Gustafson, A., 2015.Adaptive web design: crafting rich experiences with progressive enhancement. New Riders. Hennig, S., Zobl, F. and Wasserburger, W. (2017). Accessible Web Maps for Visually Impaired Users: Recommendations and Example Solutions.Cartographic Perspectives, [online] 0(88), p. Available at: https://www.cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1391/1575 [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. OModhrain, S., Giudice, N.A., Gardner, J.A. and Legge, G.E., 2015. Designing media for visually-impaired users of refreshable touch displays: Possibilities and pitfalls.IEEE transactions on haptics,8(3), pp.248-257. Petrie, H., Savva, A. and Power, C., 2015, May. Towards a unified definition of web accessibility. InProceedings of the 12th Web for all Conference(p. 35). ACM. Sanchez-Gordon, S. and Lujn-Mora, S., 2016. Design, implementation and evaluation of MOOCs to improve inclusion of diverse learners.User-centered design strategies for massive open online courses (MOOCs), pp.115-141. Schindler, C.E., de Vries, S.J. and Zacharias, M., 2015. Fully blind peptide-protein docking with pepATTRACT.Structure,23(8), pp.1507-1515. Taylor, B.T., Dey, A.K., Siewiorek, D.P. and Smailagic, A., 2015, October. TactileMaps. net: a web interface for generating customized 3D-printable tactile maps. InProceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers Accessibility(pp. 427-428). ACM. Waddington, J., Linehan, C., Gerling, K., Hicks, K. and Hodgson, T.L., 2015, April. Participatory design of therapeutic video games for young people with neurological vision impairment. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 3533-3542). ACM. Williams, P. and Hennig, C., 2015. Optimising web site designs for people with learning disabilities.Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs,15(1), pp.25-36.

Research Project ( World Cup 2010) free essay sample

Unit 8: Research Project Assignment 1 The Research Proposal Task2 The Proposal What are the possible effects of the World Cup Campaign in South Africa, and who is benefiting the most financially? Aims and Objectives the aim of this proposal is to:- * Find out both the positive and negative effects of having the 2010 World cup Campaign in South Africa. * Identify what might cause problems and threats to the campaign since it’s staged in Africa for the first time ever, and how to prevent such problems. Find out if such a change could bring awareness to the people and whether or not such a great event could help develop the country, tackling its poverty, health and security issues. * Find out who is really benefiting the most financially out of the campaign and how. Reasons for Research * The reason for me to choose this topic is because I am really interested in the football world especially in the World Cup which is the world’s biggest sports event let alone football e vent. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Project ( World Cup 2010) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * I would like to know how such a huge event will have an impact on the whole world not just Africa. I have little knowledge about the financial aspect of the game and researching about it would enlighten me much more. * One of the main reasons that got me interested in researching about football is because during any economy crisis it seems to be the only Market that does not decline and large amounts are still spent every year especially in the local clubs in Europe. * I want to learn more about who else gains from the event and would it help the situation in Africa or not. Initial Background Research (summary) Prior to starting the research; * I thought about something that interests me and how can I learn more about it that would add to my professional development. * First thing that came to my mind was the World Cup. I then thought about the financial aspect of the game and saw that I knew little. * I knew that FIFA (Federation of International Football Association) gained the most out of the World Cup but wanted to see who else gains and how. By the end of this research; * I would certainly have a clearer picture of the event I will surely learn more about different aspects of the game and also have more awareness of other things involved such as the situation of the country hosting the campaign and whether or not this event would have a positive impact on the nation and how. * I will know in particular who gains from the competition financially, how exactly they gain and around how much. Research Methods * A Primary Research including * Observations that involve taking notes about occ urrences in South Africa. * Quotes from interviews Quotes from people involved or interested in the event or in football in general. * Secondary research including * Books * Articles from both newspapers and magazines * TV * Radio * Internet The reasons for me to choose these methods is because I am restricted to only observe for a primary research and take notes from TV shows and other resources that may inform me something useful about the topic and what I want to extract. For the secondary research, internet, books, journals and magazines will be used to extort useful and relevant information. Research Plan I will be monitoring the World Cup during the whole month of matches, to see how successful it goes. * Programs, news including reports and TV shows will be watched during the event to spot any faults or changes that may be needed to have better organisation and discipline throughout the tournament. * to identify contingency events and be prepared with plans, strategies and approaches for avoiding, coping or even exploiting them * By the end of the World Cup it will be published how much FIFA has gained from the tournament and who else gained exactly and how much. Bibliography Books * BPP Professional Education; Revised edition edition (30 April 2004), HND Core 8 2004: Research Project – Study Text ( HNC/HND Business) Websites http://www. footballeconomy. com http://www. bbc. co. uk http://www. ft. com http://www. cfr. org Journals The Guardian The Daily Mail Reuters The Times These are the initial resources looked at before deciding on the topic More sources will be mentioned in detail in assignment 2.

Use a Sample of a College Essay About Myself to University

Use a Sample of a College Essay About Myself to UniversityThe use of a sample of a college essay about myself to university is one of the simplest ways to write a thesis statement. The professor or tutor for the course can use this essay as a model for the subject matter of the semester. It is simple to do and does not take much time to write, so the student can learn how to engage their audience.It is an easy and simple method to get feedback on an essay based on what the student wrote. Students are often frustrated by the lack of feedback that comes from their professors, so they learn from a sample of a college essay about myself to university. It teaches the student about presentation, writing style, grammar, and the instructor's expectations for each topic.During the whole semester, students can review the information and improve on the essay. The tutor will be able to look at the sample essay and make notes on any topics that may need some work. The tutor may suggest changes or review the essay again to make sure that it is appropriate for the semester.The tutor can also use the sample to get students to buy a book or get a free textbook. These books can help the student in furthering their studies or in finding additional sources for information. Other uses for these books can include reading magazines, newspapers, and essays written about the subject matter of the class. These books can become additional sources of information.The sample of a college essay about myself to university used by the instructor is easy to read, and the students can get a good idea of how the essay should flow. They can read and review it again to make sure that it is easy to read and has all of the information that is necessary to complete the assignment.After the student uses the book, it is often read again for accuracy. The book can be used as a guideline and as a reminder of what the students should be writing in their essays. The student can get feedback on their work an d see the quality of their writing. This can give them confidence and motivate them to write better.The student will be able to develop their own styles and to explore their interests. They will be able to improve their writing skills while getting a feel for writing in general. The student will be able to see that they can be a writer and that the materials for writing are available to them.Using a sample of a college essay about myself to university can be an effective way to write a thesis statement. The student can use this essay as a model for their own project and they can get quick feedback on the essay and encourage their writing skills.

Compare and Contrast Women Essays

Compare and Contrast Women Essays Compare and Contrast Women Essay Compare and Contrast Women Essay Jobs a. Opportunities Didnt have much of a opportunities Have a lot more opportunities Career Option: Back in the beginning of the sass, having a career as a woman was almost unheard of. Of course, one may stumble upon a woman who was locally famous for taking care of her family through work in the absence of a male provider or husband. Women were expected to stay at home, take care of the children and let their husband bring home the pay check. Most of them were dominated by the man of the house; providing whatever the man dictated, food on the table when they name home, house cleaned, kids taken care of and anything else handled. Today women are not necessarily staying home but are out making their own money. They now have the option to work at home or to go out and have a successful career, economy permitting. Womens greatest victory over the past 100 years is probably the and is in some ways the great equalizer in the Job market. And even if a mother cant stay home to raise her kids and trade mommy stories with friends and family, she is blessed with the miracle of the Internet to keep on top of the best practices to follow in her personal and professional lives. Men are far more independent financially than 100 years ago Despite changes in the nature of work women were involved in after the war, by the end of the sass women were a bigger proportion of the workforce than in 1939. The post-war upswing, technology, and the expansion of higher education, increased expectations for women. B. Pay: Horrible Better than the past IV. Rights a. Education They b. Right to vote 100 years ago women did not have the rig ht to vote- only to sit and watch. In 1920 that right was finally granted and now women not only vote but run for Presidency. . Today c. Right to speak out to the government women could not vote or be involved in mainstream politics; most were not in unions 2. Today Liberation: In todays world, women are far more liberated then they ever were 100 years ago. They now have the right to follow their dreams, speak in meetings, seminars, hold careers and even have the choice of staying at home to raise a family or working outside the home for what they want. Women are now lawyers, doctors, surgeons, car repair techs, computer techs and even Secretaries of State or Senators. They are more or less free to do what they want without being held or pushed into a ox of what should be done or what is allowed. Their minds are allowed to be freed however they wish. D. Marriage Pregnancy and childbirth were hazardous and frequent, as dangerous as abortion, which was illegal. Contraception was almost totally unavailable. Divorce was complicated and outside the reach of the poor. Cohabitation and illegitimacy were frowned on and stigmatize 2. Today Reproduction: As times changed and women were given more rights as well as more freedom they started to reproduce at a faster rate. However, I think this was for many reasons. In the old days (100 years ago) women were raised and brought up to have rime to go outside the marriage, today, women are having intimate relations with whomever and whenever they want. V. Conclusion 1. Summary Women were denied the right to do many things 100 years ago. They were denied many freedoms and expected to comply with the demands of men and society. Women no longer have to be at-home wives but now have the option of going to work or staying home to take care of the kids. Education can be said to be the great equalizer on behalf of women in the U. S. Generally, society has less influence on the conduct of women today. AMONG THE MANY remarkable upheavals of the 20th century, the huge increase in womens employment stands out. The shift of women to paid labor has led to a widespread transformation of the traditional rules and practices of daily life, not only at workplaces, but in families. As work and family changed, there were rev erberations throughout society. The roles women play today would be unrecognizable to our forebears of 100 years ago. Still, for all the change, the revolution remains incomplete. The arithmetic is simpleif womens Jobs require 30, 40 or more hours a week, they cannot spend those same hours caring for their families. Society has not focused on the need to provide alternative types of care, particularly for children and the elderly, during the time that caregivers are employed. To finish the revolution, new institutions and new arrangements are in order. In 1900, 20% of workforce women were married. Only in minority, immigrant, or destitute families were married women likely to be engaged in paid work. Employed mothers were even rarer. Over the course of the next 100 years, though, a variety of forces drew additional females, including mothers of very young children, into the labor force. Throughout the last entry, employers particularly sought women for several rapidly growing occupations, including clerical duties, teaching, and nursing. These were Jobs that men usually declined, in part because they were relatively low paying and offered little chance for advancement, and in part because they were stigmatize as womens work. At the same time, more and more women completed the high school or college degrees necessary to hold these Jobs. In the last 25 years, fields have opened up that virtually had been closed to females and vast numbers were educated in law, medicine, business, and engineering. Womens earnings increased commensurate with their education, making employment even more attractive. WOMENS RIGHTS. Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights a nd career opportunities than men. Whooped and motherhood were regarded as womens most significant professions. In the 20th century, however, women in most nations won the right to vote and increased their educational and Job accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. Early Attitudes Toward Women Since early times women have been uniquely viewed as a creative source of human fife. Historically, however, they have been considered not only intellectually inferior to men but also a major source of temptation and evil. In Greek mythology, for example, it was a woman, Pandora, who opened the forbidden box and brought plagues and unhappiness to mankind. Early Roman law described women as children, forever inferior to men. Early Christian theology perpetuated these views. SST. Jerome, a 4th-century Latin father of the Christian church, said: Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object. Thomas Aquinas, he 13th-century Christian theologian, said that woman was created to be mans helpmate, but her unique role is in conception Since for other purposes men would be better assisted by other men. The attitude toward women in the East was at first more favorable. In ancient India, for example, women were not deprived of property rights or individual freedoms by marriage. But Hinduism, which evolved in India after about 500 BC, required obedience of women toward men. Women had to walk behind their husbands. Women could not own property, and widows could not remarry. In both East and West, male children were preferred over female children. Nevertheless, when they were allowed personal and intellectual freedom, women made significant achievements. During the Middle Ages nuns played a key role in the religious life of Europe. Aristocratic women enjoyed power and prestige. Whole eras were influenced by women rulers for instance, Queen Elizabeth of England in the 16th century, Catherine the Great of Russia in the 18th century, and Queen Victoria of England in the 19th century. The Weaker Sex? Women were long considered naturally weaker than men, squeamish, and unable to reform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. In most preinstall societies, for example, domestic chores were relegated to women, leaving heavier labor such as hunting and plowing to men. This ignored the fact that caring for children and doing such tasks as milking cows and washing clothes also required heavy, sustained labor. But physiological tests now suggest that women have a greater tolerance for pain, and statistics reveal that women live longer and are more resistant to many diseases. Maternity, the natural biological role of women, has traditionally been regarded as he home has largely determined the ways in which women have expressed themselves. Today, contraception and, in some areas, legalized abortion have given women greater control over the number of children they will bear. Although these developments have freed women for roles other than motherhood, the cultural pressure for women to become wives and mothers still prevents many talented women from finishing college or pursuing careers. Traditionally a middle-class girl in Western culture tended to learn from her mothers example that cooking, cleaning, and caring for children was the behavior expected of ere when she grew up. Tests made in the sass showed that the scholastic achievement of girls was higher in the early grades than in high school. The major reason given was that the girls own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood. This trend has been changing in recent decades. Formal education for girls historically has been secondary to that for boys. In colonial America girls learned to read and write at dame schools. They could attend the asters schools for boys when there was room, usually during the summer when most of the boys were working. By the end of the 19th century, however, the number of women students had increased greatly. Higher education particularly was broadened by the rise of womens colleges and the admission of women to regular colleges and universities. In 1870 an estimated one fifth of resident college and university students were women. By 1900 the proportion had increased to more than one third. Women obtained 19 percent of all undergraduate college degrees around the beginning of the 20th century. By 1984 the figure had sharply increased to 49 percent. Women also increased their numbers in graduate study. By the mid-sass women were earning 49 percent of all masters degrees and about 33 percent of all doctoral degrees. In 1985 about 53 percent of all college students were women, more than one quarter of whom were above age 29. The Legal Status of Women The myth of the natural inferiority of women greatly influenced the status of women in law. Under the common law of England, an unmarried woman could own property, make a contract, or sue and be sued. But a married woman, defined as being one tit her husband, gave up her name, and virtually all her property came under her husbands control. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions. If a poor man chose to send his children to the poorhouse, the mother was legally defenseless to object. Some communities, however, modified the common law to allow women to act as lawyers in the courts, to Equity law, which developed in England, emphasized the principle of equal rights rather than tradition. Equity law had a liberalizing effect upon the legal rights of omen in the United States. For instance, a woman could sue her husband. Mississippi in 1839, followed by New York in 1848 and Massachusetts in 1854, passed laws allowing married women to own property separate from their husbands. In divorce law, however, generally the divorced husband kept legal control of both children and property. In the 19th century, women began working outside their homes in large numbers, notably in textile mills and garment shops. In poorly ventilated, crowded rooms women (and children) worked for as long as 12 hours a day. Great Britain passed a en-hour-day law for women and children in 1847, but in the United States it was not until the sass that the states began to pass legislation limiting working hours and improving working conditions of women and children. Eventually, however, some of these labor laws were seen as restricting the rights of working women. For instance, laws prohibiting women from working more than an eight-hour day or from working at night effectively prevented women from holding many Jobs, particularly supervisory positions, that might require overtime work. Laws in some states prohibited women from lifting weights above a certain amount varying room as little as 15 pounds (7 kilograms) again barring women from many Jobs. During the sass several federal laws improving the economic status of women were passed. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required equal wages for men and women doing equal work. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination against women by any company with 25 or more employees. A Presidential Executive Order in 1967 prohibited bias against women in hiring by federal government contractors. But discrimination in other fields persisted. Many retail stores would not issue independent credit cards to married women. Divorced or single women often found it difficult to obtain credit to purchase a house or a car. Laws concerned with welfare, crime, prostitution, and abortion also displayed a bias against women. In possible violation of a womans right to privacy, for example, a mother receiving government welfare payments was subject to frequent investigations in order to verify her welfare claim. Sex discrimination in the definition of crimes existed in some areas of the United States. A woman who shot and killed her husband would be accused of homicide, but the shooting of a wife by her husband could be termed a passion hooting. Only in 1968, for another example, did the Pennsylvania courts void a state law which required that any woman convicted of a felony be sentenced to the maximum punishment prescribed by law. Often women prostitutes were prosecuted although their male customers were allowed to go free. In most states abortion was legal only if the mothers life was Judged to be physically endangered. In 1973, however, the United States Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict a Until well into the 20th century, women in Western European countries lived under any of the same legal disabilities as women in the United States. For example, until 1935, married women in England did not have the full right to own property and to enter into contracts on a par with unmarried women. Only after 1920 was legislation passed to provide working women with employment opportunities and pay equal to men. Not until the early sass was a law passed that equalized pay scales for men and women in the British civil service. Women at Work In colonial America, women who earned their own living usually became seamstresses or kept boardinghouses. But some women worked in professions and jobs available mostly to men. There were women doctors, lawyers, preachers, teachers, writers, and singers. By the early 19th century, however, acceptable occupations for working women were limited to factory labor or domestic work. Women were excluded from the professions, except for writing and teaching. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women. Prior to the sass there were almost no medical schools, and virtually any enterprising person could practice medicine. Indeed, obstetrics was the domain of women. Beginning in the 19th century, the required educational preparation, particularly for the practice of medicine, increased. This tended to prevent many young women, who married early and bore many children, from entering professional careers. Although home nursing was considered a proper female occupation, nursing in hospitals was done almost exclusively by men. Specific discrimination against women also began to appear. For example, the American Medical Association, founded in 1846, barred women from membership. Barred also from attending mens medical colleges, omen enrolled in their own for instance, the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, which was established in 1850. By the sass, however, women were attending many leading medical schools, and in 191 5 the American Medical Association began to admit women members. In 1890, women constituted about 5 percent of the total doctors in the United States. During the sass the proportion was about 17 percent. At the same time the percentage of women doctors was about 19 percent in West Germany and 20 percent in France. In Israel, however, about 32 percent of the total number of doctors and dentists were women. Women also had not greatly improved their status in other professions. In 1930 about 2 percent of all American lawyers and Judges were women in 1989, about 22 percent. In 1930 there were almost no women engineers in the United States. In 1989 the In contrast, the teaching profession was a large field of employment for women. In the late sass more than twice as many women as men taught in elementary and high schools. In higher education, however, women held only about one third of the teaching positions, concentrated in such fields as education, social service, home economics, nursing, and library science. A small proportion of women college and university teachers were in the physical sciences, engineering, agriculture, and law. The great majority of women who work are still employed in clerical positions, factory work, retail sales, and service Jobs. Secretaries, bookkeepers, and typists account for a large portion of women clerical workers. Women in factories often work as machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. Many women in service Jobs work as waitresses, cooks, hospital attendants, cleaning women, and hairdressers. During wartime women have served in the armed forces. In the United States during World War II almost 300,000 women served in the Army and Navy, performing such noncombatant Jobs as secretaries, typists, and nurses. Many European women fought in the underground resistance movements during World War II. In Israel women are drafted into the armed forces along with men and receive combat training. Women constituted more than 45 percent of employed persons in the United States in 1989, but they had only a small share of the decision-making Jobs. Although the number of women working as managers, officials, and other administrators has been increasing, in 1989 they were outnumbered about 1. 5 to 1 by men. Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, women in 1970 were paid about 45 percent less than men for the same Jobs; in 1988, about 32 percent less. Professional women did not get the important assignments and promotions given to their male colleagues. Many cases before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1970 were registered by women charging sex discrimination in Jobs. Working women often faced discrimination on the mistaken belief that, because they were married or would most likely get married, they would not be permanent workers. But married women generally continued on their Jobs for many years and ere not a transient, temporary, or undependable work force. From 1960 to the early sass the influx of married women workers accounted for almost half of the increase in the total labor force, and working wives were staying on their Jobs longer before starting families. The number of elderly working also increased markedly. Since 1960 more and more women with children have been in the work force. This change is especially dramatic for married women with children under age 6: 12 percent worked in 1950, 45 percent in 1980, and 57 percent in 1987. Just over half the mothers with children under age 3 were in the labor force in 1987. Black women with children are more likely to work than are white or Hispanic women who have children. Over half of all black families with children are maintained by the mother Despite their increased presence in the work force, most women still have primary responsibility for housework and family care. In the late sass men with an employed wife spent only about 1. 4 hours a week more on household tasks than those whose wife was a full-time homemaker. A crucial issue for many women is maternity leave, or time off from their Jobs after giving birth. By federal law a full-time worker is entitled to time off and a Job when he returns, but few states by the early sass required that the leave be paid. Many countries, including Mexico, India, Germany, Brazil, and Australia require companies to grant 12-week maternity leaves at full pay. Women in Politics American women have had the right to vote since 1920, but their political roles have been minimal. Not until 1984 did a major party choose a woman Geraldine Forearm of New York to run for vice-president (see Forearm). Jeannine Rankin of Montana, elected in 1917, was the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives. In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was he first black woman elected to the House of Representatives (see Chisholm). Hattie Caraway of Arkansas first appointed in 1932 was, in 1933, the first woman elected to the United States Senate. Senator Margaret Chase Smith served Maine for 24 years (1949-73). Others were Maurine Number of Oregon, Nancy London Assessable of Kansas, Paula Hawkins of Florida, and Barbara Muskie of Maryland. Wives of former governors became the first women governors Miriam A. Ferguson of Texas (1925-27 and 1933-35) and Nellie Taylor ROSS of Wyoming (1925-27) (see ROSS, Nellie Taylor). In 1974 Ella T. Grass of Connecticut won a governorship on her own merits. In 1971 Patience Swell Letting was elected mayor of Oklahoma City, at that time the largest city in the nation with a woman mayor. By 1979 two major cities were headed by women: Chicago, by Jane Byrne, and San Francisco, by Dianne Finest. Sharon Pratt Dixon was elected mayor of Washington, D. C. , in 1990. Frances Perkins was the first woman Cabinet member as secretary of labor under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Ovate Cull Hobby was secretary of health, education, and welfare in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Cabinet. Carla A. Hills was secretary of sousing and urban development in Gerald R. Fords Cabinet. Jimmy Carter chose two women for his original Cabinet Juanita M. Krebs as secretary of commerce and Patricia Roberts Harris as secretary of housing and urban development. Harris was the first African American woman in a presidential Cabinet. When the separate Department of Education was created, Carter named Shirley Mount Hypotheses to human services, and Elizabeth Dole, secretary of transportation. Under George Bush, Dole became secretary of labor; she was succeeded by Representative Lynn Martin. Bush chose Antonio Novel, a Hispanic, for surgeon general in 1990. Reagan set a precedent with his appointment in 1981 of Sandra Day OConnor as the first woman on the United States Supreme Court (see OConnor). The next year Bertha Wilson was named to the Canadian Supreme Court. In 1984 Jeanne Suave became Canadas first female governor-general (see Suave). In international affairs, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed to the United Nations in 1945 and served as chairman of its Commission on Human Rights (see Roosevelt, Eleanor). Eugenia Anderson was sent to Denmark in 1949 as the first woman ambassador from the United States. Jeanne Kirkpatrick was named ambassador to the United Nations in 1981. Three women held their countries highest elective offices by 1970. Charisma Bandannas was prime minister of Ceylon (now Sir Lankan) from 1960 to 1965 and from 1970 to 1977 (see Bandannas). Nadir Gandhi was prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 until her assassination in 1984 (see Gandhi, Nadir). Gold Meir was prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974 (see Meir). The first woman head of state in the Americas was Juan Persons widow, Isabel, president of Argentina in 1974-76 (see Person). Elisabeth Downtime was premier of the Central African Republic in 1975-76. Margaret Thatcher, who first became prime minister of Great Britain in 1979, was the only person in the 20th century to be reelected to that office for a third consecutive term (see Thatcher). Also in 1979, Simons Well of France became the first president of the European Parliament. In the early sass Vigils Familiarization was elected president of Iceland; Grog Harlem Borderland, prime minister of Norway; and Milk Placing, premier of Yugoslavia. In 1986 Carbon Aquinas became president of the Philippines (see Aquinas). From 1988 to 1990 Biennial Bout was prime minister of Pakistan the first woman to head a Muslim nation (see Bout). In 1990 Mary Robinson was elected president of Ireland and Violate Camphor, of Nicaragua. Australias first female premier was Carmen Lawrence of Western Australia (1990), and Canadas was Rite Johnston of British Columbia (1991). In 1991 Chalked Aziza became the prime minister of Bangladesh and Socialist Edith Sorenson was named Frances first female premier. Pollards first female prime minister, Hanna Cassocks, was elected in 1992. Feminist Philosophies At the end of the 18th century, individual liberty was being hotly debated. In 1789, during the French Revolution, Olympia De Gouges published a Declaration of the